英文閱讀中遇到生詞怎么辦?
瀏覽:822 來源:廣深家教信息網 日期:2009-10-03
英文閱讀中遇到生詞是常有的事,但不少同學一遇到生詞就緊張,在緊張的心理狀態下進行閱讀活動,不但速度無從談起,理解也會大受影響。要正確對待閱讀中的生詞,同學們應注意以下三點:
一、擺正心態,消除緊張
同學們首先要認識到,閱讀中遇到生詞純屬正常現象。我們學了十幾年的漢語且生活在漢語的環境中,在閱讀時也難免有時會遇到生字,但我們不是照樣能看懂所讀材料嗎?其實,遇到生詞,只要我們冷靜思考、分析,有時完全可以猜出其含義或排除其對閱讀理解的解決,相反,只會增加解決問題的難度,基至會直接造成閱讀的中斷或終止。
二、養成猜詞習慣,盡量少翻詞典
為了培養閱讀能力,提高閱讀速度,同學們從一開始閱讀起,就應注意養成猜詞的習慣,而不要一遇到生詞就翻閱詞典。因為,只有養成猜詞的習慣并在實踐中不斷訓練和摸索,才能使自己的猜詞能力得到提高。同時,你的分析、理解能力也會在猜詞實踐中得到鍛煉和提高。
三、掌握猜詞技巧,培養猜詞能力
要想提高猜詞效率和準確性,同學們除應養成猜詞習慣外,還應掌握一定的猜詞技巧,提高自己的猜詞能力。下面是幾種行之有效的猜測生詞詞義的方法:
一、語境理解法
即根據文章的語境情景進行分析和推理,從而猜測出生詞的詞義。我們平時說“詞不離句”,講的就是對于詞語的正確理解依賴于一定的句子(包括上下文)情景。所以同學們在猜測生詞詞義時,一定要認真讀懂與生詞密切相關的前后句子,對生詞進行合情合理同時又合乎上下文語境的推測。如:
●These college graduates are seen scouring job information in newspapers and journals, the Internet and job market nationwide.
根據上文問句的內容可以斷定scouring的意思是“收集”,相當于collecting.
●A suicide bomber came and there were many soldiers who were eating at a food stand and..., Ten were killed and more were wounded, soldiers were among the casualties.
根據上文A suicide bomber came and there were many soldiers可推知casualties 的意思應該是“傷員”相當于the wounded。
●The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent, and the player could never play the sport again.
根據and the player could never play the sport again可推知permanent的意思為“永遠的,永久的”。
二、前后對比法
有時作者對文章中的生詞給出了一定的對比背景,并且這種背景通常以反義或對照的方式出現。表示這種對比的詞和短語主要有unlike, not, but, while, however, despite, in spite of, in spite of, in contrast to[with], compared with, used to, on the other hand等。如:
●In the small one the danger is of becoming a jack-of-all-trades, and master of none. In the large one it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
從句中In the small one 及In the large one可知,這兩句為前后對比句,所以jack-of-all-trades是he man who knows more and more about less and less的反義。
●They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson.
句中but告訴我們passively waiting for the bell和后面詞組actively took part in the lesson是對比關系,由此可知waiting for the bell的意思是“expecting the end of the class”。
●...to turn him from a passive state of waiting to an active state of pursuing.
由From ...to...可知a passive state of waiting 和an active state of pursuing是對比關系, 所以它的意思是“追求,探索”。
三、因果推斷法
有時對生詞詞義的猜測需要結合上下文的因果關系來進行推斷,既可以是根據原因推測結果,也可以是根據結果推測原因。英語中通常用于表示因果關系的詞語有because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so[such]...that等。如:
●There were so many people in the square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
根據句中的so many people in the square,可知結果狀語從句中的elbow意為“擠,擠過”。
●A few months later, the doctor removed not only the tumor, but also the entire lower left side of Betty’s gum and jawbone. Because Betty was so young, Martin was hopeful that her jawbone might regenerate.
根據句中的Because Betty was so young,可推知regenerate的意思應是“再生”。
四、基本構詞法
即根據基本的構詞法知識來推測生詞的詞義。基本的構詞法包括前綴、后綴、復合等,同學們若平時積累了一定的構詞法知識并在考試時充分運用,效果有時是十分明顯的。如:
●Overeating may cause diseases.
前綴over-的意思是“過分的,過量的”,故overeating的意思應為“暴食”。
●This kind of medicine is said to help people anti-age.
前綴anti-是“防止、反對”的意思。所以anti-age的意思是“防衰老”。
● The enemy caught many progressists during the ten years.
后綴-ist表示“從事某種職業的人, 與某事有關的人”,故為“進步分子”。
●Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
根據構詞法:bullfight=bull(公牛)+fight(打,搏斗)根據常識:斗牛是西班牙一種頗為流行的體育運動,由此可知bullfight意為“斗牛”。
五、同義解釋法
有時文章中盡管出現有生詞,但作者可能以某種方式對生詞進行了解釋,如利用or,that is(to say),in other words,namely等釋義性詞語或短語進行解釋,或利用破折號、同位語、同位語從句、定語從句等解釋。同學們若能充分利用這種同義解釋的關系,便可輕易地猜測出生詞的詞義。如:
●William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together.”
句中的good and ill together 是對mingled 的解釋,告訴我們mingled是“混合的”之意。
●If your premises(前提) are shaky, or if your arguments are not logical, professor per?螄sonally point out the false reasoning in your arguments.
句中的or及false reasoning告訴我們shaky是“錯誤的,不合邏輯的”的意思。
●We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 am—this week.
兩個破折號之間的短語清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
另外,有時作者還可能用定義法這一直白的解釋方法來對生詞進行解釋,此法通常涉及的動詞有be, mean, deal with, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。如:
●Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
只要讀懂句意,并結合生活常識,便可知annealing的意思是“退火”。
●Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定義可知,anthropology的意思是“研究人類的科學”,即“人類學”。
六、舉例說明法
有時作者盡管未對生詞進行直接的解釋,但可能在生詞后舉出了一些相關的例子進行說明,同學們若對這些例子進行適當歸納,即使不能完全猜測出生詞的詞義,也能猜測出其大致意義。英語中表示舉例說明的方式通常有such as,such…as, like, for example, for instance等。如:
●I like drinks, such as tea and soda.
句中說像tea and soda之類的drinks,由此可知drinks的意思應是“飲料”。
七、常識背景法
許多生詞的猜測要求同學們利用一定的生活常識和學科常識進行推理、分析。如:
●Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to our health.
“吸煙有害健康”,這是眾人皆知的常識,由此可知detrimental的意思應該是“有害的”。
●The snake crawled over the legs of him, making him very frightened.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識,我們可以推斷出 crawled的意思是“爬行”。
八、類屬分析法
有時文章中出現的生詞可能與其他熟悉的詞語同屬一個類別,此時可以利用這種類屬關系推測出生詞的大概詞義。如:
●Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.
句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但同學們只要知道planet(行星)便可猜出這幾個詞都屬于“行星”這一義域。
●The dromedary,like all other desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.
句中的like all other desert animals告訴我們dromedary指的是“一種沙漠里的動物”,即“單峰駱駝”。